People stand on a Turkish army tank in Ankara
In a televised speech, Recep Tayyip Erdogan warned there "may be more plans" from dissidents to try and overthrow the government.
The president said the state of emergency was in order to "take the most efficient steps in order to remove this threat as soon as possible, which is a threat to democracy, to the rule of law, and to the rights and freedoms of citizens in our country".
Recep Tayyip Erdogan claims other countries may have been involved in the coup
Mr Erdogan also expressed his "deepest gratitude" to citizens who took to the streets during the unrest and stayed there to show their support for his administration.
Earlier, he had suggested in an interview that foreign countries may have been involved in last week's attempted putsch.
The Turkish president said his efforts to detain those involved, or suspend them from their positions, is far from over.
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